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1 πυρρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `blazing red, tawny', esp. of hair (of the head) and haircovering, `red' (IA.; poet.).Other forms: πυρσός (E., Mosch.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πυρρό- ( πυρσό-)θριξ `red-haired' (E. in lyr., Arist., Poll.), ἐπί-πυρρος `reddish' (Arist., Thphr. a.o.; Strömberg Prefix Stud. 106).Derivatives: 1. many popular-expressive formations: πυρρίας m. `red-haired man', esp. of slaves (Ar.), ΠυρϜίας PN (Corinth VIa; Latte Glotta 35, 296f.), ΠυρϜαλίων PN (Argos; Schulze Kl. Schr. 115 w. n. 3); πυρράκης `with reddish hair-colour', "redskin" (LXX, hell. pap.), πυρρίχος `red', of a bull (Theoc.), also as PN; from this πυρρίχη f. n. of a weapondance (Att.) with - ίχιος, - ιχίζω a.o.? 2. πύρρ-α f. n. of a bird (Ael.), - αία f. `red robe?' (Halic. IIIa). 3. πυρρό-της f. `red hair-colour' (Arist.). 4. verbs: πυρσ-αίνω `to colour red' (E. in lyr. a.o.), πυρρ-ίζω (LXX), - άζω (Ev. Matt.) `to be red', of heaven, - ιάω `to redden, to blush' (late).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The relation of the Cor. horsename ΠυρϜος (Myc. Puwo, -wa, - wino? Gallavotti Par. del Pass. 12, 11) and ΠυρϜ-ίας, - αλίων (s. ab.) to IA. πυρρός, is not quite clear, as a PGr. *πυρϜος should have given in IA. *πῠρός\/πῡρος. Therefore one posits since Hoffmann Dial. 3, 589 (s. also Schwyzer 335 f.) usually PGr. *πυρσϜός. πυρρός for *πῡ̆ρός through expressive gemination? On the Ϝο-sufflx in colour-adj. Chantraine Form. 123, Schwyzer 472; on the phonetics also Lejeune Traité de phon. 119 n. 2, Forbes Glotta 36, 262f. Further s. πῦρ [?] and πυρσός (s.v. πῦρ and s.v.). Diff. Schulze Kl. Schr. 115f.: to Lith. pur̃vas `dirt, muck'; on this Fraenkel s.v. w. further lit. -- On derivv. from πυρρός in Lat. a. Rom. Kahane Glotta 39, 133 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,631-632Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πυρρός
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2 ἔχω 1
ἔχω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `possess, get(back-), have', aor. `conquer, take (in possession)', intr. `hold oneself', med. `id.';Other forms: also ἴσχω, aor. σχεῖν, ἔσχον, fut. ἕξω, σχήσω (Il.), perf. act. ἔσχηκα (Pl. Lg. 765a), med. ἔσχημαι, aor. pass. ἐσχέθην (late).Compounds: very often with prefix in various meanings, ἀν-, ἀπ-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, μετ-, προσ-, συν- etc. As 1. member in e. g. ἐχέ-φρων, ἐχ-έγγυος, ἐχεπευκής (s. v.), ἐκεχειρία (s. v.); also ἰσχέ-θυρον a. o. (hell.); cf. Schwyzer 441; as 2. member e. g. in προσ-, συν-εχής with προσ-, συν-έχεια.Derivatives: From the ε-grade (= present-stem): ἔχμα `obstacle, support, defence' (Il.) with ἐχμάζω (H., Sch.; cf. ὀχμάζω below); Myc. e-ka-ma?; ἕξις `attitude, situation etc.', often in derivv. of prefix-compp., e. g. πρόσ-, κάθ-εξις from προσ-, κατ-έχειν (Ion.-Att.); with ( προσ-, καθ-) ἑκτικός (s. also s. v.); ἑξῆς s. v.; ἐχέ-τλη, - τλιον `plough-handle' (cf. καὶ ἡ αὖλαξ, καὶ ἡ σπάθη τοῦ ἀρότρου Η. and ἐχελεύειν ἀροτριᾶν H.); ἕκτωρ `the holder' (Lyc. 100; also Pl. Kra. 393a as explanation of the PN [s. v.]; Sapph. 157 as surname of Zeus); ἐχυρός s. v. From εὖ ἔχειν: εὑεξία `good condition' (Ion.-Att.; opposite καχεξία from κακῶς ἔχειν) with εὑέκ-της, - τικός, - τέω, also - τία (Archyt.); retrograde formation εὔεξος εὑφυής H. (not with Schwyzer 516 σο-Suffix). From the reduplicated present (s. below): ἰσχάς f. `anchor' (S. Fr. 761, Luc. Lex. 15); lengthened forms ἰσχάνω, - νάω (Il.). From the zero grade (= aorist-stem): σχέσις `situation, character, relation, holding back' (Ion.-Att.), often in derivv. from prefix-compp., e. g. ἀνά-, ἐπί-, ὑπό-, κατά-σχεσις from ἀνα-σχεῖν, - έσθαι etc.; σχῆμα (cf. σχ-ήσω) `attitude, form, appearance' (Ion.-Att.; Schwyzer 523); secondarily σχέμα (H.) Lat. schĕma f. (Leumann Sprache 1, 206); with σχηματίζω with σχημάτ-ισις, - ισμός etc.; verbal adjective ἄ-σχετος `not to hold, irresistable' (Il.); from virtual verbal adjectives come also the abstract-formations ἐπισχεσίη `attitude, pretext' (φ 71), ὑποσχεσίη `promise' (Ν 369, A. R.), cf. Schwyzer 469, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 86f.; here also *σχερός (s. ἐπισχερώ), σχεδόν, σχέτλιος, σχολή, σκεθρός (s. vv.); (not to ἰσχύς). From the o-grade: ὄχοι m. pl. `holder, preserver' ( λιμένες νηῶν ὄχοι ε 404); ὀχός `fest, certain' (Ph. Byz.), further in verbal adjectives to the prefix-compp. like ἔξ-, κάτ-, μέτοχος (from ἐξ-έχειν etc.); ὀχή f. `holding, support' (Call., Lyc., Ath.); to the prefix-compp. συν-, μετ-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-οχή etc. (from συν-έχειν etc.); ὀχεύς "holder", `helm-strap, girdle-clasp, door-bolt etc.' (Il.; cf. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 30, also on ὀχεύω `pounce upon' etc.; cf. s. v.); ὄχανον `shield-holder' (Anakr., Hdt.), also ὀχάνη (Plu.; cf. Chantraine Formation 198); ὀχυρός, s. ἐχυρός; ὄχμος `fortress' (Lyc.), ὄχμα πόρπημα H.; with ὀχμάζω `hold fest' (A., E.); adv. ὄχα `widely, by far' (ὄχ' ἄριστος Il.), ἔξοχα `in front of' (ἔχω 1 πάντων; Il.). Reduplicated formation: ἀν-οκωχή s. v.; also (ἐν) συνεοχμῳ̃?; s. v., w. compositional lengthening: εὑωχέω, s. v. - On συνοκωχότε (Β 218) s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [888] *seǵh- `hold, have'Etymology: ἔχω, with reduplication ἴ-σχ-ω (\< *ἵ-σχ-ω, ( σ)ί-σχ-ω), has an exact agreement in Skt. sáhate `force, conquer' (= ἔχεται, IE *séǵʰetoi); but the zero grade aorist and the other verbal forms are isolated (GAv. zaēma not = σχοῖμεν, s. Humbach Münch. Stud. 10, 39 n. 12). In Greek the word group knew a strong development; cf. Meillet Άντίδωρον 9ff., Porzig Gliederung 115f. On the other hand in Greek fail the neutral s-stem Skt. sáhas- `force, srength, victoy', Av. hazah- `id.', Goth. sigis (cf. on ἐχυρός). The group is also represented in Celtic, e. g. in the Gaulish names Σεγο-δουνον, Sego-vellauni. - Older lit. and further forms in Bq s. v., Pokorny 888f.Page in Frisk: 1,603-604Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχω 1
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3 θεός
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `god, goddess' (Il.);Compounds: myk. te-o. Very often in compp., e. g. ἄ-θεος, θεο-ειδής; θεόσ-δοτος after Διόσ-δοτος; on the form θεσ- s. θέσκελος, θέσπις. On θεσ- as magnifying prefix in MoGr. Georgakas Άθ. 46, 97ff.Derivatives: 1. θεά f. `goddess' (ep.; details in Lommel Femininbildungen 13f., also Wackernagel Syntax 2, 25; on θεά and fem. θεός in Hom. s. Humbach Münch. Stud. zur Sprachwiss. 7, 46ff.). 2. θέαιναι pl. `goddesses' (after τέκταιναι a. o.; in Hom. as metr. filling; not with Chantraine REGr. 47, 287 n. 1 archaic form; further Schwyzer 475 w. n. 7). 3. θεῖος `divine' (Il.; cf. below) with θειώδως adv. (pap.), θειότης `godliness' (LXX, NT, Plu.), θειάζω `prophesy, honour as god' (Th.), also with prefix, e. g. ἐπι-θειάζω `swear in the name of the gods' with ( ἐπι-)θειασμός (Th.) 4. θεϊκός `id.' (late). 5. Denomin. verb θεόω, - όομαι `make to a god, become a god' (Call.), mostly with prefix, e. g. ἀπο-θεόω `id.' (pap., Plb., Plu.) with ἀποθέωσις (Str.).Etymology: The connection with Arm. di-k` pl. `gods' (Bartholomae BB 17, 348) seems probable; further to Lat. fēriae `festive days', fēstus `feastly, fānum `temple', s. W.-Hofmann s. vv.; to Skt. dhíṣṇiya- Mayrhofer KEWA s. dhiṣáṇā. Arm. di-k` would come from IE * dhēs-es, and θεός could be *dhĕs-ós; cf. θέσ-κελος; θεῖος then from *θέσ-ι̯ος (Schwyzer 467). The ē: ĕ go back on * dheh₁s-: * dhh₁s-; this explains also the Latin forms, e.g. fānum \< * fasnom \< * dʰh₁s-nom; thus Rix, Kratylos XIV (1969) [1972] 179f. - The etymology as *θϜεσ-ός with Lith. dvasià `spirit', MHG getwās `ghost' (s. on θεῖον) can be abandoned; there is no trace of the F in Greek and it is impossible in the Armenian word.Page in Frisk: 1,662-663Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θεός
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4 ἰ̄θύς
ἰ̄θύςGrammatical information: adj.Meaning: `straight, just', also adv. (beside rare ἰθύ, ἰθέως) `straightforward' (Il.; cf. on εὑθύς); superl. ἰθύντατα (Hom.; after ἰθύνω?, diff. Schwyzer 534).Compounds: Often as 1. member (s. Strömberg Prefix Studies 156), e. g. ἰθυ-ωρίη, see on εὑθυωρία. ἰθυ-βέλεια epithet of Artemis `whose arrows go straight' (ZPE 88, 1991, 70 l. 11, Ia).Derivatives: 1. ἰθύ̄ς f. `straight direction, enterprise', only in acc. ἀν' ἰθύν, πᾶσαν ἐπ' ἰθύν etc. (Hom.); for the explanation Schwyzer 463 w. n. 8, Frisk Eranos 43, 221. 2. ἰθύτης f. `id.' (Aret.). Denomin. verbs: 1. ἰθύω, aor. ἰθῦσαι, also with ἐπι-, `go straight, be eager, desire' (Il.); 2. ἰθύνω, aor. ἰθῦναι, pass. ἰθυνθῆναι, also with prefix, δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, κατ-ιθύνω etc., `make straight, direct, steer, lead' (Il.; Schwyzer 733) with ἰθυντήρ `who steers, leader' (Theoc., A. R.), f. ἰθύντειρα (Orph. A. 352), adj. - τήριος `steering, leading' (S. Ichn. 73); also ἰθύντωρ (Orph.), ἰθύντης (H.) `id.'; postverbal ἴθυνα = εὔθυνα (Chios V-IVa).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The comparison with Skt. sādhú- `straight, just' (beside sā́dhati, sādhnoti `come to a goal') with Skt. zero grade in sídhyati `id.', ptc. siddha-, gives * s(e)Hdh-; Pok. 892. (Earlier reconstructions with a long diphtong can now be forgotten.) Here perhaps also Arm. aǰ `dexter, straight' \< *seh₂dhi̯o-, poss. *sHdhi̯o- (Lidén Armen. Stud. 75f.). Older lit. in Bq. Wrong Sommer IF 11, 208, Wood ClassPhil. 7, 324, id. Mod. langu. notes 18, 13f. From this form the Greek forms cannot be explained. A Cret. fem. εἰθεῖα confirmes a form *εἰθύς, Lamberterie (1990) 287f. Cf. εἶθαρ, εὐθύς.Page in Frisk: 1,716Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰ̄θύς
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5 νέμω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `deal out, dispense, distribute (among themselves, possess, inhabit, manage, pasture, consume, devour'.Other forms: - ομαι, aor. νεῖμαι (Il.), - ασθαι, pass. νεμηθῆναι, fut. νεμῶ, - οῦμαι (Ion. - έομαι, late - ήσω, - ήσομαι), perf. νενέμηκα,- ημαι (Att. etc.).Derivatives: Several derivv: A. νομή f. `pasture', metaph. `spreading', e.g. of an ulcer, `distribution' (IA.), `possession, possessio' (hell.). With ἐπι-, προ-νομή etc. from ἐπι-, προ-νέμειν, - εσθαι etc. Also νομός m. `*place of) pasture' (Il.), `habitation' (Pi., Hdt., S.), `province' (Hdt., D. S., Str.). From νομή or νομός (not always with certainty to be distinguished): 1. νομάς, - άδος `roaming the pasture', subst. pl. `pastoral people, nomads' (IA.), as PN `Numidians' (Plb.); from this νομαδ-ικός `roaming, belonging to pastoral peoples, Numidian' (Arist.), - ίτης `id.' (Suid.), - ίαι f. pl. `pasture' with - ιαῖος (Peripl. M. Rubr.). -- 2. νομεύς m. `herdsman' (II.), also `distributor' (Pl.), pl. `ribs of a ship' (Hdt.); from this (or from νομός?) νομεύω `pasture' (Il.) with νόμευ-μα n. `herd' (A.), - τικός `belonging to pasturage' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 135 u. 137); διανομ-εύς (: διανομή), προνομ-εύω (: προ-νομή) etc. -- 3. νόμιος `regarding the pasture', also as adjunct of several gods (Pi., Ar., Call.); cf. on νόμος; νομαῖος `id.' (Nic., Call.); νομώδης `spreading', of an ulcer (medic.). -- 4. νομάζω, - ομαι `pasture' (Nic.). -- B. νόμος m. `custom, usage, law, composition' (since Hes.) with several compp., e.g. Ἔννομος PN (Il.), εὔ-νομος `with good laws' (Pi.) with εὑνομ-ίη, - ία `good laws' (since ρ 487; on the meaning Andrewes Class Quart. 32, 89 ff.). From νόμος: 1. adj. νόμιμος `usual, lawful' (IA.; extens. Arbenz 72ff.) with νομιμότης f. (Iamb.); νομικός `regarding the laws, forensic, lawyer' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 132); νόμαιος = νόμιμος (Ion. a. late); νόμιος `id.' (Locris; cf. on νομός). -- 2. Verb νομίζω, rarely w. prefix, e.g. συν-, κατα-, `use customarily, use to, recognize, believe' (IA., Dor.; Fournier Les verbes "dire" passim) with νόμισις f. `belief' (Th.), νόμισμα n. `use, recognized belief, (valid) coin' (IA.), - άτιον dimin. (Poll.); νομιστός `generally recognized' with νομιστεύομαι `be generally valid' (Plb.), also νομιτεύομαι `id., use' (hell. a. late inscr.; cf. θεμι(σ)-τεύω). -- C. νεμέτωρ, - ορος m. `dispensor (of justice), avenger' (A. Th. 485); νέμησις f., also ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι- etc. from ἀπο-νέμω etc., `distribution' (Is., Arist.); νεμ-ητής = νεμέτωρ (Poll.) with - ήτρια f. (inscr. Rom, IVp); uncertain Νεμήϊος surname of Zeus (Archyt. ap. Stob.); perh. for Νέμειος (from Νεμέα). On νέμεσις s. v. -- D. Deverbatives: νεμέθω, - ομαι `pasture' (Λ 635, Nic.); νωμάω, - ῆσαι also with ἐπι-, ἀμφι-, προσ-, `distribute, maintain, observe' (Il., Hdt.; Schwyzer 719, Risch Gnomon 24, 82) with νώμ-ησις (Pl. Cra. 41 1d), - ήτωρ `distributor, maintainer etc.' (Man., Nonn.).Etymology: The whole Greek system including ablauting νομή, νόμος, νομός is built on the present νέμω. The full grade νεμέ-τωρ, νέμε-σις, νέμη-σις a.o. follow wellknown patterns ( γενέ-τωρ γένε-σις u.a.; but these are disyllabic roots); an agreeing zero grade fails. There never existed a "disyllabic root" e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 11). -- The widespread meanings of νέμω plus derivations provide a problem, which has hardly been definitely solved; Benveniste Noms d'agent 79 rightly stresses the idea of lawfull, regular, which characterizes the verb νέμω ("partager légalement, faire une attribution régulière"). Further lit.: E. Laroche Histoire de la racine nem- en grec ancien (Paris 1949; Études et Comm.VI); on νόμος esp. Stier Phil. 83, 224ff., Pohlenz Phil. 97, 135ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 260, Bolelli Stud. itfilcl. N.S.24, 110f.; on νομή, - ός Wilhelm Glotta 24, 133ff. (ἐν χειρῶν νομῳ̃, - αῖς). -- Of non-Greek words, that are interesting for the etymology, the Germanic verb for `take' agrees best to νέμω, Goth. niman etc.; further Latv. ńęmu, ńem̂t `take' (with secondary palatalisation of the anlaut). One might mention several nouns, which tell nothing for Greek: Av. nǝmah- n. `loan', Lat. numerus `number etc.', OIr. nem f. `gift' (cf. Gift: geben; also δόσις), Lith. nùoma f. `rent' (vowel as in νω-μάω). -- The with νέμω also formally identical verb Skt. námati `bow, bend' can only be combined with uncontrollable hypotheses. After Laroche (s. above) p. 263 νέμω would prop be. `faire le geste de se pencher en tendant la main'. -- Lit. and further details in WP. 2, 330f., Pok. 763 f., W.-Hofmann s. numerus and nummus (from νόμιμος?), also emō, Fraenkel Wb. s. núoma(s), and nãmas, Mayrhofer s. námati. Cf. also νέμος.Page in Frisk: 2, 302Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέμω
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6 ὅρμος 2
ὅρμος 2.Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `anchorage, road(stead), harbour', also metaph. (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὁρμο-φύλαξ `harbour-master' (pap.); often as 2. member, e.g. πάν-ορμος `offering anchorage to all (ships)' ( λιμένες, ν 195), often as PN (Sicily a.o.), δύσ-ορμος `with a bad harbour, inhospitable' (A., X.); often w. preposition, partly as backformations from the relevant verbs: ἔξ-ορμος `sailing out' (E.: ἐξ-ορμέω; Strömberg Prefix Studies 58), ὕφ-ορμος `at anchor, fit for anchoring' (Ph., Str.), also subst. m. `anchorage' (Arist., Str.: ὑφ-ορμέω), πρόσ-ορμος m. `id.' (Str.: πρόσ-ορμέω, - ορμίζω).Derivatives: Two denomin. 1. ὁρμέω, also w. ἐφ-, ἐξ-, ὑφ- a.o., `to be at anchor (in the harbour)' (IA.) with ἐφόρμησις f. and (as backformation) ἔφορμος m. `the being at anchor, blockade' (Th.). 2. ὁρμίζω, - ομαι, aor. - ίσαι, - ίσασθαι, often w. prefix, e.g. ἐν-, προσ-, καθ-, μεθ-, `to bring to resp. to arrive at the anchorage or harbour, to anchor (oneself)' (Il.) with ( προσ- a.o.) όρμισις f. `the anchoring' (Th.), ( ἐν-)όρμισμα n. `anchorage, the anchoring' (App.), προσορμισμός m. `the anchoring' (sch.), προσορμιστήριον H. as explanation of ἐπίνειον (cod. ἐπήνιον), ὁρμιστηρία f. `rope for anchoring, attaching' (Ph., D. S.), ὁρμίστρια f. "the anchoreress" surn. of Isis (pap. IIp).Etymology: Without certain etymology. Often connected with ὁρμη, but with diff. argumentation: prop. "impulse, startingpoint" (Fick GGA 1894, 242); "a place where ships may ride at anchor" = Skt. sárma- m. `flowing' (Word ClassPhil. 3, 77), "luogo dove si getta l'ancora" (Bolelli Stud. itfilcl. 24 [1950] 104). Bq and Hofmann Et.Wb. consider for it, semantically also a little stilted, connection with εἴρω `string' ("attacher"); so prop. "attachement, Festmachung" (against this Porzig Satzinhalte 262) and with ὅρμος `chain' basically identical. Instead of operating with the abstract notion `fastening', it would be better, to explain ὅρμος `anchorage' as metaphor from ὅρμος `(anchor)-chain'; cf. AP 9, 296: τὸν ἀπ' ἀγκύρης ὅρμον ἔκειρε. -- Or to ἕρματα `supporting stones' (also unclear) ?Page in Frisk: 2,420-421Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὅρμος 2
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7 ἐνεγκεῖν
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bring', resultative (Att., Pi., B., Hp.),Other forms: ἐνέγκαι Aor.Compounds: often with prefix: ἀπ-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, κατ-, προσ- etc.; aor. pass. ἐνεχθῆναι with fut. ἐνεχθήσομαι, perf. act. ἐνήνοχα, med. ἐνήνεγμαι; as present there is φέρω, as fut. οἴσω. As 2. member with comp. lengthening in δι-, δουρ-, ποδηνεκής etc. (s. vv. and δόρυ).Derivatives: verbal noun ὄγκος s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [316] *h₁neḱ- `bring', [??] *h₂neḱ- `attain, reach'Etymology: ἐνέγκαι is an innovation after ἐνεῖκαι (s. v.). Beside ἐγκ- (*h₁nḱ-) there is ἐνεκ- (*h₁neḱ-); with ο-ablaut, Attic reduplication and aspiration ἐν-ήνοχ-α \< *h₁ne-h₁noḱ- (only ο-grade in κατ-ήνοκα H.). Cross of ἐγκ- and ἐνεκ- gave ἐν-ήνεγκται; further influence of ἐνεῖκαι resulted in ἐν-ήνειγκ-ται, ἤνειγκαν a. o. (Att. inscr.). - No exact parallels. IE enḱ-, onḱ- in reduplicated Skt. perf. ān-ámś-a `I have attained' (*h₁e-h₁neḱ-). More widespread is h₁neḱ-, h₁noḱ-: e. g. Lith. neš-ù, OCS nes-ǫ `I bring', and in several verbs for `attain'; e. g. Skt. náśati `attains' (cf K. Hoffmann, Münch. Stud. 2 [new impression] 121ff.), in Germ., e. g. Goth. ga-nah `ἀρκεῖ, it reaches = suffices'. With zero grade (IE *h₁n̥ḱ-) Skt. aś-nó-ti `reaches'. Prob. also Arm. has-anem, aor. has-i `reach'. Further one compares: Hitt. ninink- `raise' (to Lith. -ninkù, -nìkti, Benveniste BSL 50, 40), with nakkiš `heavy', Toch. B eṅk-, A ents- `take'; not here Hitt. ḫink- `hand over, reach'. - W.-Hofmann s. nanciō; Fraenkel Lexis 2, 186. Greek details Schwyzer 647, 744f., 766. - An extra problem is provided by Celtic, e. g. OIr. t-ānac `I came', which must be from another root with h₂-, *h₂e-h₂noḱ-. First distinguished by Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 50). Here perh. also διᾱνεκής. Here also Lat. na-n-c-īscor (nasal present), nactus sum `attain'. - Most difficult is the aorist ἐνεγκεῖν. The development of a form *h₁ne-h₁n̥ḱ-o- is unknown (*ἐνεακο-?? the form would loose its nasal); Beekes, MSS 38, 1979, 18ff. Cowgill operated with a root *Hnenḱ-, Evid. for Laryngeals, 154, n. 22.Page in Frisk: 1,512-513Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐνεγκεῖν
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8 ἦμαρ
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `day' (Il.; s. below).Dialectal forms: Myc. amor. amorama \/āmōramar\/ `day after day'? Diwijamero perhaps \/dwi(y)āmeron\/ period of two days', Lamberterie, BSL 94 (1999) 264. Dor. Arc. ἆμαρ, - ατος;Compounds: As 2. member e. g. in ἐνν-, ἑξ-, αὑτ-, παν-, προ-ῆμαρ `nine days long' etc. (Hom.); on the type of comp. Leumann Hom. Wörter 100f. (against Wackernagel Glotta 2, 1ff.). As 1. member e. g. ἡμερό-κοιτος `taking his layer by day, sleaping by day' (Hes.); as 2. member e. g. in ἐφ-ήμερος (Pi., IA; - έριος Od.) `living only a day, transient, dayly' with ἐφημερίς, - ία, - εύω, - ευτήριον.Derivatives: ἠμάτιος `daily, at day' (Hom., Hes.). - Lengthened form ἡμέρα, Ion. - ρη, Dor. etc. ἀμέρα, Locr. ἀμάρα `id.' (Il.); on the meaning v. Windekens Philol. Stud. 11-12, 25ff. On τήμερον, μεσημβρία s. v. Derivv. ἡμέριος ( ἁμ-) `living only one day, dayly' (trag.), ἡμερινός `belonging to the day' (IA.; Chantraine Formation 201), ἡμερήσιος (- ίσιος?; s. Debrunner Glotta 13, 169) `lasting one day, belonging to the day, dayly' (IA.; Chantraine 42), ἡμεραῖος `id.' (pap.), ἡμερούσιος adv. `dayly' (pap. IVp; after ἐπιούσιος; Debrunner l. c.). Denomin. verb ἡμερεύω `spend the day', also with prefix, δι-, παν- (IA.); from there ἡμέρευσις `spending the day' (Aq.).Etymology: A cognate to ἦμαρ, which was Ionisized from Aeol. ἆμαρ and from Homer in Dorianising poetry, also taken over in ceremonial prosaic formulae (Arc. ἄματα πάντα), is Arm. awr `day' (IE * āmōr; cf. τέκμαρ: - μωρ); further not in any language group. Lengthened ἡμέρα (Locr. ἀμάρ-α), on which see Chantraine Formation 228, may have its spiritus from ἑσπέρα (Schwyzer 305, Wackernagel Unt. 45 A. 1). On ἦμαρ and ἡμέρη in Homer Debrunner Mus. Helv. 3, 40ff.; on ἦμαρ used as plural Leumann Hom. Wörter 100, who sees in it against Wackernagel, Benveniste a. o. as an innovation. S. μεσημβρίαPage in Frisk: 1,634-635Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἦμαρ
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9 θάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bury' (Il.).Derivatives: τάφος m. `burying, tomb' (Il.), ταφή `id.' (IA); from there thee hypostases ἐν-, ἐπι-τάφιος `belonging to the burial' with ἐνταφιάζω, ἐνταφιαστής (LXX, pap.); ἐπιταφέω `attend a burial' (inscr.); ταφήϊος `belonging to a burial' (Od.), ταφεύς `grave-digger' (S.; s. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 41), ταφ(ε)ών `(place) of a tomb ' (inscr.), ταφικόν `burial costs' (pap.). - τάφρος f. (on the genus Schwyzer-Debrunner 34 n. 1) `ditch (for fortification etc.)' (Il.) with ταφρεύω `make a ditch' (Att.), from which ταφρ-εία, τάφρ-ευμα, - ευσις, - ευτής; rare τάφρη `id.' (Ion.). - Uncertain θάπτ\<ρ\> α μνῆμα (cod. μυῖα). Κρῆτες H.; s. Latte Glotta 34, 196f.Etymology: With the generalized zero grade θαπ-, ταφ- \< *θαφ- agrees Arm. damb-an `tomb', if one starts from IE dhm̥bh- (but the words are not old, s. Clackson, Relationship Arm. Greek, 1994, 120f.); the full grade * dʰembʰ- would have been eliminated in both languages. ( τάφ-ρ-ος: damb-an does not allow to posit an r-n-stem. - Lidén Armen. Stud. 41f. with criticism of older views. - The word could well be a loan: IE origin is uncertain.Page in Frisk: 1,653-654Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θάπτω
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10 θήγω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `sharpen, whet; excite' (Il.). With ō-vocalism: τέθωκται τεθύμωται; τεθωγμένοι τεθυμωμένοι H. (less certain θῶξαι, also θᾶξαι μεθύσαι, πληρῶσαι, τεθωγμένοι, also τεθαγμένοι μεμεθυσμένοι a. o. H.).Derivatives: θηγάνη `whetstone' (A., S.; H. also θήγανον) with θηγανίτης λίθος `id.' (IG 14, 317, Sicily; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 55); θηγαλέος `sharp' (AP, Chantraine Formation 253); H. also θηγάνεον, θηγόν ὀξύ, ἠκονημένον, ἀκονητόν (Schwyzer 459), θῆξις ῥοπή, στιγμή, τάχος.Etymology: From IE. * dheh₂g-ō, with the Arm. nomen instrumenti daku, gen. pl. dakuac̣ `axe', prob. from an u-stem, IE * dhāgu- `sharp'. Lidén Armen. Stud. 55.Page in Frisk: 1,670Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θήγω
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11 ἰάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `send forth, put forth, dispatch' (Il.; also Th. 5, 77, Dor.); intr. `flee' (Hes. Th. 269).Derivatives: Ίάλμενος PN (Il.), cf. below.Etymology: A reduplicated yot-present, of which the reduplication was preserved in the non-present forms, i. e. *ἰ-αλ-ι̯ω. If the aspiration in ἱάλλω (Hdn. Gr. 1, 539; also in φιαλεῖς [Ar. V. 1348] and φιαλοῦμεν [Ar. Pax 432] for ( ἐ)πιαλ-) is original, ἱάλλω could belong to ἅλλομαι (Leumann Hom. Wörter 80 n. 45). As however the aspiration can be due to folketymologisal connection with ἵημι, the connection proposed by Kuhn KZ 5, 195f. with Skt. present íy-ar-ti `incite, sets in motion' (cf. Ίάλ-μενος) seems to be the best solution. - Older ideas in Bq. - Narten connects Skt. sísarti 1stretch out, draw out (but no to sisrate), Münch. Stud. Spr. 26 (1969) 77ff.Page in Frisk: 1,703Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰάλλω
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12 καινός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `new, newly found, unexpected' (IA.).Compounds: Often as 1st member, e. g. in καινο-τομέω (: καινὰ τέμνειν), prop. expression of mining `cut out a new (type of) stone'', metaphor. `introduce innovations (in the state)' with - τομία, - τόμος (Att.), καινο-ποιέω `introduce innovations, renovate' (S., Plb.) with - ποιΐα, - ποιητής, s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 90f.Derivatives: Ab (NT) with ( ἀνα-)καίνωσις (J., NT). - EN Καινίας, Καίνιος a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 229), Καινεύς with Καινεΐδης (Boßhardt Die Nom. astracts καινότης `innovation' (Att.). - Denomin. verbs: 1. καινίζω `innovate' (Trag.), also with prefix, esp. ἀνα- (Isoc., Str., Plu.), ἐγ- (LXX, NT); from there ( ἐγ-)καίνισις, - ισμός (LXX); postverbal ἐγκαίνια pl. `consecration of a temple' (LXX, NT). - 2. καινόω `innovate' (Hdt., Th.), ἀνα-καινόςuf - ευς 128, Debrunner Άντίδωρον 32).Etymology: One compares Av. kainī̆(n)-, Skt. gen. pl. kanī́nām `girls', with the full grade nom. ag. kanyā̀ `girl' (reinterpreted as ā-stem) and the adj. kanī́na- `young' (Wackernagel-Debrunner Ai. Gramm. 3, 112f.; also K. Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 6, 38); primary comp. kánīyas-, kániṣṭha-. Doubtful is however OWelsh cein `beautiful' (Pedersen Vergl. Gramm. 1, 23). - A remote cognate further Lat. recēns `fresh, new, young'; if from re-cen-t-, it belongs as primary t-derivation to a verb `rise freshly, come up, begin' in OIr. cinim `rise', OCS. vъ-, na-čьnǫ, -čęti `begin' (IE. * ken-). More forms in Bq s. v., W.-Hofmann s. recēns, Pok. 563f. - Not with Wackernagel Verm. Beiträge 38f. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 799f.) to καίνυμαι, κέκασμαι from *καιδνός.Page in Frisk: 1,754Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καινός
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13 κότος
Grammatical information: m.Compounds: Often as 2. member, e. g. ἔγ-κοτος `grudging' (A.; bahuvrihicomp.) with the denomin. ἐγκοτ-έω `be full of grudging' (A.); and ἐγκότημα, - ησις (LXX) and, as backformation, ἔγκοτος (Hdt.) `id.' (diff. on ἔγκοτος Strömberg Prefix Studies 116); also ἐγκότιος adj. (Salamis on Cyprus).Derivatives: κοτήεις `grudging' (Ε 191); - ήεις analog. for κοτόεις (A. D., EM), Schwyzer 527; cf. also Thieme Studien 71 n. 3. - Beside it, prob. as denomin. (s. below) κοτέω, - έομαι, aor. κοτέσσασθαι, - έσαι, fut. κοτέσσομαι, perf. ptc. dat. κεκοτηότι `grudge' (Il.); also κοταίνω `id.' (A. Th. 485; after θυμαίνω a. o., s. Fraenkel Denom. 18 and on θυμός).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No etymology. One compares since Fick 3, 69 (e. g. Brugmann Grundr.2 1, 630) a Celto-Germanic word for `struggle, fight', e. g. Welsh catu- in Catu-rīges, OHG hadu- in Hadu-brand and, with diff. suffix, MHG hader `id.', with further Slav., e. g. Russ.-CS. kotora `fight'; futher with palatal anlaut Skt. śátru- `enemy'. Rejecting this etymology WP. 1, 454 (cf. 1, 339), also after Fick (1, 45), adduce Lat. cōs `whettone' (s. κῶνος). But in both cases there is no morphological argumentation. If κότος were an old s-stem (Fraenkel KZ 43, 193ff.), it would fit better to the u- and r-stems in catu-, hader; but κοτέσσασθαι can be explained as analogical (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 349). - Machek Stud. in hon. Acad. d. Dečev 49f. compares Czech. katiti se `annoy onself'.Page in Frisk: 1,931-932Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κότος
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14 κρύπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `conceal, hide'.Other forms: fut. κρύψω, aor. κρύψαι, pass. κρυφθῆναι (Il.), - φῆναι (S.), - βῆναι (LXX), fut. - βήσομαι (E., LXX), perf. midd. κέκρυμμαι (Od.), act. κέκρυφα (D. H.), iter. ipf. κρύπτασκε (Θ 272; Risch 240), - εσκε (h. Cer. 239), late pres. κρύβω, ipf. ἔκρυβον, - φον,Derivatives: 1. κρυπτός `hid, secret(ly)' (Ξ 168; Amman Μνήμης χάριν 1, 16) with κρυπτάδιος `id.' (Il., A..; after ἀμφάδιος), κρυπτικός `concealing' (Arist., Alex. Aphr.), κρυπτίνδα παίζειν `hide-and-seek' (Theognost.); κρυπτεύω `hide' (E., X.) with κρυπτεία `secret service at Sparta' (Pl., Arist.). - 2. ( ἔγ-, ἀπό-, ἐπί-)κρύψις `hiding' (E., Arist., Plb.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 149). - 3. κρυπτήρ "hider", name of an instrument (Delos IIa, Sch.), - τήριος `serving as hiding place' (Orac. ap. Paus. 8, 42, 6), κρύπτης `member of the κρυπτεία' (E. Fr. 1126[?]). - 4. κρυφῆ, Dor. - φᾶ (Pi., S., X.), κρύφᾰ (Th.) adv. `secretly'; from it κρυφάδᾱν (Corinn.), - άδις (Hdn.), - ηδόν (Od., Q. S.), - ανδόν (H.) `id.' (Schwyzer 550, 626, 631); κρυφαῖος `secret' (Pi., Trag., LXX), κρύφασος name of a throw of the dice (Poll.; Chantraine Formation 435). - 5. κατα-, ἀπο-κρυφή `hiding place' (S., LXX); κρύφιος `secretly' (Hes., Pi., Trag., Th.; κρύφιος: κρύπτω Schulze Kl. Schr. 362), κρυφία f. `hiding place' ( PFlor. 284, 8; VIp), κρύφιμος = κρύφιος (Man.; Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 19 f.), - ιμαῖος `id.' (Ephesos IVp), - ιώδης `id.' (Eust.); ἀπό-, ἐπί-, ἔγ-, ὑπό-κρυφος `concealed' (Pi., Hdt., E.; from ἀποκρύπτω etc.), κρυφός ( κρύφος) `hiding' (Emp. 27, 3; Porzig Satzinhalte 319; LXX), `secret' (coni. Pi. O. 2, 97) ; see Georgacas Glotta 36, 164 f.; ἐγκρυφίας ἄρτος `hidden under the ashes, i. e. baked bread' (Hp.), ἐγκρυφιάζω `hide' (Ar.); κρυφιαστής `interpreter of dreams' (Aq.). - 6. κρύβδᾰ = κρύφα (Σ 168, A., Pi.), κρύβδην, Dor. -δᾱν (Od.); cf. Haas Μνήμης χάριν 133f. - 7. ( ἀπο-)κρυβή `concealment' (LXX, Vett. Val.), κρυβῆ = - φῆ (LXX); κρυβηλός κρυπτὸς [ πύργος], κρύβες νεκροί, κρυβήτας τετελευτηκότας, κρυβήσια νεκύσια, κρυβάζει ἀποκρύπτει H. To κρύπτω reminds formally and semantically καλύπτω (s. v.); the verbs may have influenced one another. On the variation π: φ: β, which can also be analogical, cf. Schwyzer 333, 705 n. 2, 737.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: But for the final labial and the vowelquantity κρύπτω agrees with Slav., e.g. OCS kryjo, kryti ' κρύπτω, ἀποκρύπτω' (Persson Stud. 51 n. 1, Meillet MSL 8, 297), which is connected with Balt., e.g. Lith. kráuju, kráuti `pile up'; on the meaning Schulze KZ 50, 275 (Kl. Schr. 621 f.). Doubtful because of the vowel is the comparison with a Balt. word for `deceive, delude', Lith. króp(i)u, krópti, Latv. krapt. Further Pok. 616f., Fraenkel Wb. s. kráuti and krópti 2., Vasmer Wb. s. krytь. - As there is no good IE etym. the word may be Pre-Greek, what seems confirmed by the frequent variation of the labial.Page in Frisk: 2,29-30Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύπτω
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15 μαίνομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `rage, be furious, of the senses, be excited' (Il.); rarely act. ἐκ-μαίνω `make furious' (E., Ar.; μαίνω Orph.), aor. μῆναι (S., E.) with intr. midd. μήνασθαι (Z 160, Theoc.)Derivatives: 1. From the present: μαινάς, - άδος f. `the raging, Bacchantess, Mänade' (Il.; Schwyzer 508, Sommer Münch. Stud. 4, 4); μαινόλης, Aeol. Dor. - λας, f. - λις `raging, excited' (Sapph., A.; Schwyzer 408 and Mus. Helv. 3, 49ff., Chantraine Form. 237). 2. From the root: μανία, - ίη `fury, madness' (IA.) cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 39); μανικός, μανιώδης `furious, raging' (IA.), f. also μανιάς `id.' (after λύσσα: - άς, Schwyzer 508). Verbaladj. like ἐμ-μανής `raging' (IA), prob. hypostasis (to μανία) after ἐμ-φανής a.o. ( ἐμ-μαίνομαι first Act. Ap., J.).Etymology: On μάντις etc. s. v. With the zero-grade yot-present μαίνομαι from *μαν-ι̯ο-μαι agree formally several forms from diff. languages: Skt. mányate = Av. mainyeite `think', Celt., OIr. do-moiniur `believe, have the opinion', Slav., e.g. OCS mьnjǫ `think, consider as', Lith. miniù `think, remember' (innovation for older menù?; s. Fraenkel Wb.), IE *mn̥-i̯o \/ e-. With μανῆ-ναι agree formally also the Balto-Slav. inf. Lith. minė́-ti, OCS mьně-ti as well as Goth. 3. sg. munai-Þ ' μέλλει, thinks (to do)'; genetic connection however is doubtful, as Goth. munaiÞ may as well agree with Skt. manāy-ati `be eager' and for posthom. μανῆναι (as if from μανέεται) also analogical origin ( φαίνομαι: φανῆναι; J. Schmidt KZ 37, 44) is possible; on Lith. minė́ti etc. s. also Fraenkel l.c. and Lexis 2, 196. Also μήνασθαι (analogical or from *μαν-σ-, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 412) and μέμηνα (after τακῆναι: τέτηκα a. o.) are Greek formations. With the formal reorganisation goes the semantic emancipation; the connection with the widespread group μένος, μέμονα, μιμνήσκω (s. vv.) can still be seen e.g. in Z 100 f.: ἀλλ' ὅδε λίην | μαίνεται οὑδέ τίς οἱ δύναται μένος ἰσοφαρίζειν (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 34). - [Not with J. Schmidt l.c. and Specht KZ 62, 79 (cf. also Schwyzer 694 n. 3) to μαιμάω.]Page in Frisk: 2,160-161Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαίνομαι
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16 μείγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `mix, bring together, connect', midd. `mix with each other, convene in battle' (Il.).Other forms: (- μιγ-, s. below; posthom.), - ύω (X., Arist.), μίσγω (Hom., IA. usw.), ὀνεμείχνυτο (Sapph.), aor. μεῖξαι, midd. (ep.) μίκτο (σ- or root aor., Schwyzer 751, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 383), pass. μιγῆναι with fut. - ήσομαι, μ(ε)ιχθῆναι with - ήσομαι, fut. μείξω, - ομαι, perf. midd. μέμ(ε)ιγμαι; act. (hell.) μέμιχα.Compounds: Very often with prefix, e.g συν-, ἐπι-, κατα-, ἀνα-. As 1. member in governing compp. μ(ε)ιξ(ο)-, e.g. μιξ-έλληνες pl. `mixed-, halfhellenes' (Hellanik., hell.), μ(ε)ιξό-θροος `mixing the crying, with mixed crys' (A.); also μισγ-, esp in μισγ-άγκεια f. `place, where clefts meet' (Δ 453), from *μισγ-αγκής, s. Schwyzer 442, Sommer Nominalkomp. 174 f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 15. As 2. member in παμ-, ἀνα-, συμ-μιγής etc. (IA.); from there μιγής (Nic-.; Schwyzer 426 a. 513), ἀνα-, ἐπι-μίξ adv. `mixed' (Il.).Derivatives: Few derivv. 1. ( σύμ-) μεῖξις (- ι-) `mixing etc.' (IA.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 100 A. 2); 2. μεῖγμα (- ί-) `mixing' (Emp., Anaxag., Arist.; μεῖχμ[α] Alc.); 3. ἐπιμ(ε)ιξία, - ίη `mixing, intercourse' (IA.); from ἐπίμ(ε)ικ-τος. 4. μιγάς, - άδος m. f. `mixed, together' (Att.). 5. Several adverbs: ( σύμ-)μίγα, μιγά-δην, - δις, μίγ-δα, - δην (ep. poet.). 6. μιγάζομαι `mix, unite' (θ 271: μίγα, μιγάς; Schwyzer 734).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [714] *meiǵ\/ḱ- `mix'.Etymology: Whether μίγνυμι, which is fequent in mss., is an original zero grade, is very doubtful. Prob. μείγνυμι, built after μεῖξαι, μείξω was early (Schwyzer 697 w. n. 5). Also for other, in principle zero grade forms ( μίξις, ( σύμ) - μικτος, μέμιγμαι) the full grade is often found, μεῖξις etc. For the media in μίσγω, if from *μίγ-σκ-ω (diff. Wackernagel KZ 33, 39 = Kl. Schr. 1, 718: from *μι-μσγ-ω to Lat. mergō etc.), μιγῆναι, μίγα all other languages have tenuis, IE *m(e)iḱ-: Skt. miś-rá- = Lith. mìš-ras `mixed', Balt., e.g. Lith. miešiù, miẽšti `mix', Slav. (caus.), e.g. OCS měšǫ, měšiti `mix'. An iranian maēz- (IE *meiǵ-) in the sense of `mix', adopted by Smith Lang. 4, 178ff. because of Y. 44, 20, does not exist, s. Humbach Münch. Stud. 2, 7, where de form is connected from maēz- `urinate'. A sḱ-present is also well represented in the West: Lat. misceō, OIr. mesc(a)id `mixes, dips in, confuses', Germ., e.g. OHG miscan, NHG mischen (if not Lat. LW [loanword]). The νυ-present however is limited to Greek (so prob. innovation). The nasalinfixed GAv. minaš-, mostly rendered as `you shall mix' (pres. myāsa-), is by Humbach l.c. also derived from maēz- `urinate'. Indian has a reduplicated s-formation in mí-mikṣ-ati `mix' (prob. prop. desiderative), with perf. mimikṣé, caus. mekṣayati. On themselves stand the full grade forms Skt. pres. myakṣati = Av. myāsa-; on the root analysis s. Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123. Also the aorist μεῖξαι is isolated as well as μιγῆναι and the other forms with γ, which is prob. due to assimilation. -- Details in WP. 2, 244f., Pok.714, W. -Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. misceō, Fraenkel s. miẽšti, Vasmer s. mesítь.Page in Frisk: 2,192-193Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μείγνυμι
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17 μιαίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stain, soil, defile, esp. defile through bloodcrime'.Other forms: aor. μιᾶναι, μιῆναι, pass. μιανθῆναι (Il.), fut. μιανῶ (Cyrene, Antipho), pass. fut. a. perf. μιανθήσομαι, μεμίασμαι (Att.), act. perf. μεμίαγκα (Plu.), pass. aor. subj. 3. sg. μιᾳ̃ w. fut. μιασεῖ (Cyrene; Schwyzer 743 w. n. 9 a. 786),Compounds: Rarely w. prefix as ἐκ-, κατα- συν-. Comp. μιαι-φόνος `committing a defiling murther, stained by murther', adjunct of Ares (in E und Φ, B., Hdt., E.; μιη-φόνος Archil.) with - έω (Att.), - ία (D., D. S., Plu.). -- Isolated are w. χ-suffix (Schwyzer 498, Chantraine Form. 403f.) the expressive μίαχος μίασμα, μιαχρόν \<οὑ?\> καθαρόν H.Derivatives: μίασμα n. `defilement, abomination, horrible stain' (IA; on the formation etc. Porzig Satzinhalte 241), μιασμός m. `defilement' (LXX, Plu.), μίανσις f. `id.' (LXX); μιάστωρ m. `defiler, avenging ghost, avenger' (trag., late prose; - σ- as in μίασμα, cf. also ἀλάστωρ and Schwyzer 531; unnecessary objections in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 24); μιάντης m. `id.' (EM), ἀ-μίαν-τος `unstained' (Thgn., Pi.), w. des. of a stone = asbestos (Arist., Plin., Dsc.). -- Beside μιαρός (Il.), μιερός (Call.) `defiled, soilt, polluted, esp. through bloodcrime' with μιαρ-ία (Att.), - ότης (An. Ox.).Etymology: "With the r-n-change - αίνω: - αρός, μιαίνω: μιαρός ( ἰαίνω: ἱερός?; s. Fraenkel Glotta 20, 92 f. with Debrunner IF 21, 32 a. 43) follow a wellknown scheme" says Frisk; a certain non-Greek agreement is however not known; but r\/n after a is hard to explain as IE. Improbable or quite uncertain hypotheses: to Skt. mū́tram n. `urine', Av. mūÞra- n. `impureness' (Fick GGA 1881, 1427; agreeing Bechtel Lex. 227; in vowel deviating); to Lith. máiva `marsh-bottom', miẽlės `yeast', Germ., e.g. OHG meil(a) `stain, blemish' (Persson Beitr. 1, 221; the last with Grienberger and Wiedemann), to which after H. Petersson Heteroklisie 180 ff. (w. further uncertain combinations) also Arm. mic, gen. mc-i `dirt, mud' (IE *miǵ-). -- The 1. member in μιαι-φόνος is prob. as in ταλαί-πωρος to be taken as verbal (" ὁ μιαίνων φόνῳ"); beside it μιη-φόνος like Άλθη- beside Άλθαι-μένης [but this remains unexplained]; a long syllable was metr. needed. Details in Schwyzer 448. A subst. *μι(Ϝ)ᾱ, esp. with a supp. loc. μιαι- (Persson Stud. 155, Bechtel Lex. s.v. a. Dial. 3, 118f.) is not credible. -- WP. 2, 243 w. more forms, Pok. 697, Fraenkel Wb. s. máiva. - Blanc, BSL 96(2001)153-179 tries to connect Goth. bi-smeitan `besmear, strike', bur there is no certain evidence for s- in Greek, which would have unlengthened * smei-; the development of the meaning in Germanic is difficult. If there is no etymology, the word will rather be Pre-Greek. Did it have *mya(n)-, with palatal *m-? We know that an \/a\/ could be pronounced as [e] after a palatalized consonant; so here we may have the origin of the ε\/α- alternation in Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,235-236Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιαίνω
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18 μωκάομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `mock, ridicule, insult' (LXX, Epicur., Agatharch.).Derivatives: μωκός m. `mocker, insulting' (Arist., LXX) with μωκία `mockery', μῶκος m. `insult' (Anon. ap. Ath., Simp.) with μωκ-άζω (Suid.), - εύω (Zonar.) `insult'. μώκημα (LXX), δια-, κατα-μώκησις (Plb., Ath.) `mockery'.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Because of the form (cf. βρωμάομαι, πωτάομαι a.o. Schwyzer 719) it is obvious to take μωκάομαι as an intensive deverbative; the rare μωκός and μῶκος are then backformations. One might also compare intensives like μηκάομαι and μυκάομαι. Further unknown. Acc. to an anonymous spokesman (Stud. itfilcl. N.S. 1, 93) the word would have been used prop. of a camel ( κάμηλος μωκᾶται), an indication which points to onomatopoetic origin. -- Cf. μῶμος. - Fur. 133 compares μώχεται φθονεῖ H. and concludes to a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μωκάομαι
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19 ξαίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `card, comb wool ', metaph.. `scratch, mangle, lacerate' (ξ 423, IA.).Other forms:, fut. ξανῶ, aor. ξῆναι (late ξᾶναι), pass. ξανθῆναι, perf. midd. ἔξασμαι (hell. also ἔξαμμαι).Derivatives: ξάντης m. `woolcarder' (Pl.) with ξαντική (sc. τέχνη) f. `the art of carding wool' (Pl.), f. ξάντριαι `woolcadsters' (tit. of a drama of A.); ξάσμα n. `carded wool' (S. Fr. 1073), also ξάμμα (H. s. πεῖκος), ἀναξασ-μός m. `lacerating' (midd.), ξάνσις f. `carding of wool,' (Gloss.), ξάνιον n. `comb for carding' (Poll., AB, H.), also = ἐπί-ξηνον (Poll.), prob. after κτένιον, but not with Specht Ursprung 239 as old formation; ξανάω (Nik.), - ῆσαι (S.Fr. 498) `(with carding) work hard', ἀποξανᾶν κακοπαθεῖν H.; cf. ὑφανάω: ὑφαίνω and similar cases in Schwyzer 700. -- Here prob. also ἐπίξηνον `chopping-block' with unclear formation (diff., hardly correct, s.v.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Technical expression of woolpreparation, prob. first after the related ὑφαίνω; to ξέω, ξύω (s. vv. and Schwyzer 714). Outside Greek there are no agreements; the comparison with Lat. sentis m. `thorn-bush' (since Persson Stud. 135) is quite hypothetical. After Haas Ling. Posn. 3,76ff. ξαίνω, ξέω, ξύω belong as `protoidg.' to NHG hauen a. cognates, like ὀξύς to ὠκύς etc. (?). The (root)form ξαν- is difficult to explain from IE.; so Pre-Greek? Note also the unexplained ἐπίξηνον.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξαίνω
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20 ξέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `shave, carve, smooth, polish'.Other forms: Aor. ξέσ(σ)αι (Il.), pass. ξεσθῆναι, perf. midd. ἔξεσμαι (IA.), fut. ξέσω (Paul. Aeg.), perf. act. ἔξεκα (Choerob.), Vbaladj. ξεστός (Il.; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 16).Derivatives: 1. ξέσις ( ἀπό-) f. `smoothing, carving' (Thphr., Delph. IVa); 2. ξέσματα pl. `carving, chips, carved objects' (M. Ant., AP); 3. ξεσμοῖς dat. pl. H. as explanation of σπαράγμασι. 4. ξόανον n. `(carved) image og (a) god' (S., E., X.), name of a (carved?) musical instrument (S. Fr. 238); ξοάνων προθύρων ἐξεσμένων H.; formation like ὄχανον (: ἔχω), πλόκανον (: πλέκω) a.o. (Chantraine 198; not with Bq, WP. 1, 450 a.o. from ξύω; nor with Latte Glotta 32, 35 f. subst. adj.); dimin. ξοάνιον (Anaphe IIa). 5. ξοΐς, - ίδος f. `chisel' (hell. inscr.) with ξοΐδιον (pap. IIIp) and ξοΐτης m. name of a profession (Isauria; Redard 36); prob. directly from ξέω after κοπίς, δορίς a.o. (cf. Chantraine 338); ξοός ξυσμός, ὁλκός H. 6. Of the prefixed forms: διαξόος m. `sculptor' (Delph. 341a), ἀμφί-ξοος (- ους) `smoothing round about' (AP); ἐπι-, κατα-, παρα-ξοή, -ά `carving, smoothing etc.' (inscr.). -- On itself stand with lengthened grade ξώστρα ψηκτρίς, ψήκτρια H. (acc. to WP. 1, 450 a.o. rather to ξύω).Origin: ??Etymology: With ξύω (and ξαίνω?) cognate (s. vv.); without close agreement outside Greek. The stem ξεσ-, reconstructed from ξεσ-τός, ξέσ-(σ)αι a.o., which is at the basis of all forms cited above, is after traditional interpretation to be analysed as ξ-εσ-(= ks-es-) and to be interpreted as zero grade with εσ-enlargement (cf. on τρέω) of the IE root * kes- in OCS čes-ati `comb' a.o. (s. κέσ-κεον) `scratch, comb' (e.g. Brugmann Grundr.2 II: 3, 343 with Persson Stud. 88); connection with κεάζω a. cogn. (s. v.) can as well be considered. -- Diff. suggestion in Schwyzer 269 and 329: ξέω metathesized from * kes-ō (= OCS čes-)? Mann Lang. 28,40 compares Alb. shesh `raze, level', supposedly from *ksesi̯ō. Zie by keskeon!!! Waarom dan niet kses-keon??Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξέω
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